THE AUTOCRACY

The first years of independence developed among fights caudillescas organized by the soldiers to reach the Presidency of the Republic. In this context, between 1836 and 1839, conformed the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, dissolved after the rout of Yungay against the Army United Restaurateur.

THE GUANO CYCLE

The fights among leaders continued to the first constitutional government of the marshal Ramón Castile, who could restructure and to order the State thanks to the economic prosperity generated by the export of the guano of the islands of the seaboard. In 1865, a clash with Spain by the occupation of the Islands was produced Chincha, to pressure to the Peruvian government, what this government interpreted as an act of war. As much Chile as Equator, they decided to support to Peru for its defense, and while the Spanish squad blocked the ports of The Callao and Valparaíso, the allied fleet was wagered in the island of Chiloé, to the south of Chile. In the meantime the Chilean corvette Esmeralda captured the schooner Covadonga in the battle of Double-chinned and the allied squad rejected the Hispanic attack in the naval battle of Abtao, before which the Spanish Armada bombards the port of Valparaíso that did not have defenses, destroying more than the half of the Chilean merchant marine. Subsequently The Callao was attacked, but its large forts and its ferrous defense they put in serious urgencies to the Spanish fleet, that should be withdrawn and to leave the South American water.

THE WAR WITH CHILE

The Battle Of Arica
En 1879, Chile declaró la guerra al Perú, que intervino en un problema de impuestos entre Bolivia y Chile a razón de un Tratado de Alianza Defensiva Perú-Bolivia. Esta declaratoria de guerra, devino en lo que hoy se conoce como Guerra del Pacífico y que se desarrolló entre 1879 y 1883. La Guerra del Pacífico se desarrolló en varias etapas, correspondiendo la primera a la campaña naval y que culmina el 8 de octubre de ese año con el combate naval de Angamos, en donde se inmoló el almirante AP Miguel Grau Seminario, héroe máximo de la Marina de Guerra del Perú.
Luego de vencer a la escuadra peruana, Chile da inicio a la campaña terrestre de la guerra. Esta comenzó con el desembarco de Pisagua y se desarrolló durante cuatro años, hasta que luego del Manifiesto de Montán el gobierno de Miguel Iglesias firmó el Tratado de Ancón que puso fin a la guerra, a pesar de la oposición del gobierno de Lizardo Montero y la resistencia en la sierra peruana comandada por Andrés Avelino Cáceres, el denominado Brujo de los Andes. Una de las batallas más recordadas es la Batalla de Arica por la defensa liderada por Francisco Bolognesi.
National Reconstruction and Economical Domination
After the war, a period was initiated of "National Reconstruction" that, although of relative calm, did not know the economic reactivation neither the political peace until 1895 with the presidency of Nicolas of Piérola, government during which materialized a political pluto-aristocratic one with some average and high classes that lived acomodadamente to the auspice of the large American capitals and a flat town with diverse lacks, set against which Before the bad labor conditions.

The assumption of August B. Leguía concluded the series of aristocratic governments. Leguía remained in the power for eleven years with a paternalistic politics toward the natives, the creation of a momentary prosperity, the handling of the legal order and the amedrentación of the opposition. This period, known like the Oncenio, finished in 1930 with the popular coup d'etat of Luis Miguel Sánchez Hill, that initiated a period of military governments and of raid of popular movements –as the APRA or the PCP– in the political setting. In the end of this third militarism democratic presidents they happened themselves interrupted first by the Ochenio of Manuel Odría and a brief military coup to continue with the presidential succession. Toward the years 1950 the rural exodus is initiated, chiefly since the saw toward the metropolises of the coast, in search of better living conditions and education for its children.

AIR FORCES REVOLUTION

Gradually, during the years 60 the political crisis was done patent, what caused the revolution of the armed forces, in 1968, to the command of the general one Juan Velasco Alvarado with a message antimperialista, especially anti-American, and antioligarca. A state of cut was established therefore estatista that prompted several and deep you reform of diverse results that, globally and long-term, they had an impact chiefly negative in the domestic economy.

Toward end of the 70, the military government with all the reforms produced, was found set against the economic accident, still despite that a change of command in the military dome had been given and that the presidency had been assumed for the General one Francisco Moral Bermúdez in the year of 1975. In spite of ésto, the end of the Revolution was given and returned to the democracy. A new constitution was edited then by means of a Constituent Assembly in 1979 and was called to elections in 1980.

INTERNAL ARMED CONFLICT

During the decade of 1980, Peru faced in a strong social and economic crisis, due to the chaos of the fiscal expense, a considerable external debt and the growing inflation along with the internal armed conflict, accentuated by the apparition of the terrorist groups of communist inspiration that intended to establish a new State by means of the armed fight, as first Shining Path and the MRTA later. The terrorism obtained an excessive repressive answer of the armed forces, the first police and the army later. The battles among both edicts signified the death of near 70 thousand people among combatants, rural and urban.

The crisis entered its more critical phase to ends of the decade, during the first government of Alan Garcia Pérez, when Peru entered a strong economic crisis due to the chaos of the fiscal expense and the consequent hyperinflation that arrived at a maximum of 7,649% in 1990, while Shining Path already had entered in the large cities of the country. In the middle of a growing unpopularity finishes its first government Alan Garcia, being chosen in the elections of 1990 Alberto Fujimori, that since the start of its mandate found a strong opposition in the Congress on the part of APRA and of the FREDEMO.

END OF THE CONFLICT AND ASCENT OF THE FREE MARKET

Alberto Fujimori, who assumed the power in 1990, untied the constitutional crisis when dissolved the Congress of the Republic April 5, 1992 and called to a constituent assembly to establish a new political constitution. Simultaneously, the economic recovery was initiated by means of a drastic politics of economic shock. Its government applied the terrorism of state, a process of corruption of the State was produced in parallel as a group –that arrived at qualified as cleptocracia– with the then Leader of the National intelligence service, Vladimiro Montesinos. Fujimori manages to to be reelected in 1995 and initiates several important social and macroeconomic improvements, although not the long economic recession manages to solve that affected to the country.

Fujimori was reelected in some controversial elections of the 2000. That same year renounced the Presidency being in Japan during an official tour after the scandal of the vladivideos, that showed the network of corruption headed by Montesinos. The Congress chose as temporary President to the then congressperson Valentín Paniagua, who carried out the elections of the 2001. Winner resulted Alejandro Toledo Manrique, who initiated an international campaign to extradite to Fujimori. Nevertheless, Toledo was characterized for a continuation and deepening of the economic model in force, and despite achieve a clear macroeconomic growth and the reactivation of the economy, they improved little the social differences.

Toledo, after crossing very low rates of popularity due to the accusations by nepotism, was happened by the former-president Alan Garcia Pérez in 2006. Alan Garcia, to weigh that in its proposals in campaign criticized the government of Toledo, has continued with the economic politics of the previous government, achieving drop inflation, a notable growth of the exports, of the gross national product and an increment of the international reserves on the 30 thousand million dollars at the end of 2007. In the middle of the 2007, a series of ambushes that suffered agents of the police in the VRAE (Valley of the rivers Apurímac and N) they put in discovered the rearmament of Shining Path in this valley as in the High one Huallaga in association with the drug-traffickers.