Peru is in western South America between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. Covering an area of 1,285,220 sq km, approximately two thirds the size of Mexico. Bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, with Bolivia to the southeast, south to Chile and the west by the Pacific Ocean. It has a huge variety of landscapes because of its geographical conditions, which in turn gives its a great diversity of natural resources. The constitution states that the maritime domain of Peru extends to 200 nautical miles.

Geology
The territory of Peru is determined by the Nazca and South American plates, which share a boundary convergent subduction, namely the Nazca plate subduction on the South American parallel to the west coast of South America, at an average speed of 11cm/año . [citation required] Proceeds from this subduction was formed toward the Jurassic fossa of the Peru-Chile as well as the elevation today known as Andes mountain. Erosion of it has formed a vast plain to the east where before the outbreak of the Andes was a portion of the sea; this region is a sedimentary plain Amazon. That same erosive process is the cause of the escarpment of the Andes.
Because of the tectonic subduction, Peru is a country highly seismic and volcanic activity presents important regions, mainly in the south. The Peruvian territory is within the so-called Pacific ring of fire.

Relief
The Andes mountain is erected parallel to the Pacific Ocean, dividing the country into three geographic regions. The coast, the west is a narrow plain predominantly arid except for the existence of valleys formed by seasonal rivers. The mountain is the Andean region, includes the plateau of the Andean highlands and the country's highest peak, the Huascaran, with 6,768 m.8 The third region is the jungle, a large area of flat land covered by the Amazon jungle eastwards. Nearly 60% of the land area is occupied by this region.

Weather
As opposed to other equatorial countries, Peru not only presents a tropical climate, the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt current attach great climatic diversity in Peruvian territory. The coast has moderate temperatures, low rainfall and high humidity, with the exception of its warmest and rainy region norte.10 In the mountains rains are common during the summer, while the temperature and humidity decreases with altitude up to icy peaks of Andes.11 The jungle is characterized by heavy rains and high temperatures, except for its southernmost region, which has cold winters and rain estacionales.12
Hidrografía

Meander in a river in the jungle.

Most rivers originate in the Peruvian Andes and drain into one of the three existing watersheds. Those who flow into the Pacific Ocean are short, steep course and seasonal regime. The tributaries of the Amazon are longer, much more plentiful and his course has a slope less once they leave the mountains. The rivers flowing into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have great caudal.13 The longest rivers in Peru are the Ucayali, Marañón, the Putumayo River, Yavarí, Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro and the Amazon .

Ecology
The rugged topography and particularly natural history of Peru has caused it to be a megadiverse country, with a wide variety of ecosystems and, consequently, flora and fauna.
Although traditionally has been considered that in Peru there are three natural regions (coastal, mountain and jungle), the truth is that in its territory are different terrestrial biomes 6, 2 marine biomes and 3 freshwater biomes.
As for the Peruvian sea, two marine currents that run in the opposite direction characterize two different ecosystems. To the north, from 3.2 ° S latitude to latitude 6 ° S, is the current presence of the Child or area called Sea warm with a temperature ranging ranges between 20 ° C and 27 ° C. This pervades the Humboldt Current, which characterizes the area called cold Sea with temperatures ranging between 12 ° C and 19 ° C.
Conformer flora emblematic of the country Quina and Cantuta. The fauna is represented by the Peruvian Vicuña and the cock of the rock

Natural Regions

When the Spaniards came to Peru, divided their territory into three main regions: Coast, which is located beside the Pacific Ocean; Sierra, which is surrounded by the high altitude Andean and jungle or mountain, which is located in the hardwood forests of the Peruvian Amazon.

Years later, geographer Javier Pulgar Vidal, based on their continuing studies of Peruvian territory, proposed the creation of eight natural regions in order to create a map that he fisiográfico more realistic biography of Peruvian territory. In 1941, the Third General Assembly of the Pan American Institute of Geography and History approved this motion.

The eight natural regions are:

1) Coast Region or Chala.- is located between the Pacific Ocean until the 300m Hight via frotnera of ecuador to the border with chile.
2) Region yunga .- It is from an altitude of 500m to 2 500 m above sea level.
3) Region Quechua .- It extends from 2 500m to 3 500m, 500m altitude on the two flanks of the mountain range
4) Region Suni.- is located between 3 500m and 4 100m above sea level.
5) Region Puna.- It´s located between 4 100m and 4 800m altitude occupying the geographic area of the high Andean mezetas
6) Region Janca .- Situated over 4800m above sea level.
7) Region High Jungle or Rupa Rupa .- It stretches between 500m and 1 500m altitude on the eastern flank of the Andes.
8) Region Omagua or low jungle.- includes the vast plain amazonica whose territory is below the 500m.

Hydrography:

The Peru contains 4% of the world's freshwater. This volume is unevenly distributed in three areas, the Pacific, Atlantic and Lake Titicaca, bounded by the Andes. The second of these basins also born giant Amazon, with its 6872 km, is the longest river flow and the world. It´s side holds 75% of the territory.

Lake Titicaca is the largest South American side, with 8,380 sq km. This tectonic lake is shared by Peru and Bolivia. It pours its waters 20 rivers, including the Ramis, Ilave and Huancané, on the Peruvian side. Records waves and tides; has 36 islands and influences the climate of the plateau of Collao, the mean temperature of 12C º. Lake Titicaca formed alongside the lagoon Arapa and Lake Poopó (Bolivia), the great lake Ballivián highland Peruvian - Bolivian.

Flora

Given the geographical diversity of this country simultaneously, its flora is varied.

Coast. The arid coast has 52 exceptions due to culminate in the Pacific Ocean 52 rivers originating in the Andes and its environs there are valleys developed with various agriculture products addition to the natural flora and typical of each valley.

Sierra. Due to the existence of microclimates and green valleys between mountains or snow (including permanent), there is an alternation between cacti and greenery, weeds and other plants resistant to climatic variations between day and night. The ichu is a plant representative of resistance to these climatic variations.

Selva. The vegetation in this part of the country is typical of tropical forests, where there are countless species of trees and plants such as orchids typical. For example, in Manu National Park in one hectare have come to find more than 250 species of trees.

Fauna

The Peruvian wildlife is very diverse.

Marine Animals
It comes from three centres of origin: the tropics, Antarctica and the cold seas of the current Peruvian. Among the marine fauna and the river are about two thousand fish species.
Tropical. Ecoregion predominate in the tropical sea, as opposed to regions Tumbes and Piura. They come from tropical Pacific Ocean (from Baja California to northern Peru). Among its components are the most representative marine snake (plarmis platurus); various typical birds, as the frigate and booby; five species of sea turtles and many species of fish such as shark, swordfish and Merlin.
Humboldt Current Concentra many endemic species, emphasizing its production of croakers, flounder, anchovy, tuna and the pots or giant squid, which produces fish meal and flour squid for human consumption as well as numerous crustaceans and seafood; seiscientas among other species. In addition, birds that have economic importance the place on guano on the coast, having resulted in deposits of guano that are used as fertilizer in agriculture.
Antarctica. In small proportion is penguins, sea lions, sperm whales, dolphins and whales.

Land Animals
There are three very different groups for their origin:

Andean Patagonia. dominated the desert to the coast and the mountains. As a general feature, are adapted to the scarcity of resources due to climate impact of particular Andean morphology. Along the coast there are species such as the hairless dog, exists in this area for thousands of years, as the guinea pig, iguana, the giant tortoise and others. The 52 rivers that bathe the coast have different varieties of fish and some shrimp explodes

In the mountains, on the other hand, are representative of Lama (alpaca, guanaco, flame and vicuna), so important in the economy of the Andean communities, and birds such as the condor. There are also chinchillas, and vizcachas since the last decade of the twentieth century, ostriches which were imported for playback at increasing due to its good acclimatization near Arequipa. The lakes and rivers in this area have their own fauna is diverse.

Amazon. Originates in the central plain of South America, are characterised by a great adaptability to the wetlands. Inhabit the jungle and tropical zones adjacent to the sea. They represent the jaguar, large snakes, alligators, wild boar, and so on. Millions of known and unknown insects and birds like macaws, parrots, and thousands more between known and classified. The Amazon River, has all kinds of species yet to be classified. In addition to fish in the rivers there are alligators and turtles, but its fishing is prohibited.

Chaqueño. The evolution of Chaco center is responsible for the origin of a small proportion of Peruvian fauna, which inhabits the savanna palms, which covers a small extension of the Madre de Dios region. Here are animals like the maned wolf, the deer in the swamps and 17 bird species.