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| JR. CAMANA 780 - OF. 606 |
| LIMA-PERU |
| PHONE: 426-0245 (24 hours) |
| PHONE: 779-9124 |
| CLARO: 99711-9999 |
| MOVISTAR: 98841-8500 |
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HISTORY - PRE-INCAS CIVILIZATIONS |
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1. Chavín
Although we conserve remainders of very previous civilizations, the first one great Andean culture is that of Chavín, call thus because its more important archaeological center is in Chavín of Huantar. It was founded around the 900 bc. It was found to the north of Lima, near the river Marañón, to 3150 meters of altitude. We do not know the language of this culture neither the name that was given to itself. Was a civilization with ceramics and with system of irrigation. |
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They had a feline God and other animal God. There is proof that their religion extended considerably by the fabrics and the cermámicas found in the coast of the Pacific, especially in the cemetery of Karwa, to three hundred miles of Chavín.
The inhabitants of Chavín did not have alphabet. They had metalurgy and they were capable of welding, to alloy and to set metals. Because of it were magnificent goldsmiths. Through the remainders of their fabrics, sculptures and utensils, we know that had priests that took hallucinogenic drugs (cactus San Pedro). It thinks that the inhabitants of Chavín stemmed from some place of little altitude near the river Amazon or of the Orinoco, because in the bas-reliefs of the walls that remain in the ruins of the city drawings of peppers they appear and tapioca, products that itself are not given to the altitude where is found Chavín.
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2. Paracas
This civilization is born to the south of Peru, develops in Pisco, in the two last centuries before Christ, where we find a great number of tombs with a lot of ceramics and textiles. After an initial period imitating to the ceramics of Chavín, Paracas begins a new technique that consists of painting the vessels not before, as is habitual, but after cooking them in a well with firewood. The ceramics produced was fragile and little practical, but its colors were very brilliant, ideal for religious rituals. |
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In the last tombs of Paracas dark and more solid vessels are found again, painted before the cooking.
In the tombs of Paracas the mummies are found in a basket, in fetal position, often with luxurious dresses, decorations of gold and skins of animals, covered by layers and layers of fabrics richly embroidered. To greater thickness of fabrics, more social importance of the mummy. The tombs also contain feathers, seashells, food and other objects of luxury. Them they embroidered of these fabrics are beautiful vegetable, animal or human motives.
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3. Nazca
After Paracas develops the culture Nazca, of the 200 to the 700 ad. Nazca is famous for its ceramics of great beauty, polychrome, with thirteen different colors. Usually has white or red fund and designs in black or blue of terrestrial animals, birds, fish, plants or people. Also ceramics bread flutes are conserved (for which we think that the music played an important role in its civilization). This ceramics is done with around.
Besides they have been found in Being born beautiful weapons, necklaces and robes. |
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This culture has also ceramics with human figures. A human figure of whose mouth appears frequently leaves a tongue of snake. Although they had gold, the inhabitants of Nazca were not noticeable goldsmiths.
This it is a famous, mysterious civilization by their "Nazca’s Lines," that supposedly represent plants or animals of enormous size. These figures are found layout in the plains of Nazca and only they are visible from the sky. So far unknown exactly what was their function: Processions rituals, map of the stars, borders…?
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4. Mochica
It is the first state organized in the Andes. Flourishes in the outskirts of the river Right, from the 100 to the 700 ad. Its capital is known like White Hill. It was a company stratified and militaristic. Its territory is full of fortifications. They utilized adobe to do its buildings, and built the largest building of adobe of America, the enormous pyramid pre-colombian tomb of the Sun, with an original height of 41 meters, that has more than a hundred million bricks. |
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Near her the pre-colombian tomb of the Moon is found, a lot more small, although fortified. Also they built enormous aqueducts and channels of irrigation (the largest aqueduct has 4600 feet and the most long channel, 70 miles). They did not have alphabet. They expressed their history by means of images worked in their walls. The art mochica is very dynamic and detailed. They gave great importance to the painting and to the bas-reliefs. By these representations we know that did human sacrifices. They had two main God, one of the mountains and another of the sea, an anthropomorphic figure with claws. The paintings and the bas-reliefs also represent scenes of decapitation of the prisoners, birth and death and sexual encounters. Finally, the mochica represented its more important food: corn, peanuts, yams, pumpkins, peppers. The food also appear like motives in their ceramics. They had a ceramics very developed, with vessels surrealists (pumpkins with neck and head of bird). Identical vessels to hundreds of kilometers of distance have been found. This it is a characteristic of typical standardization of a state organized. |
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